Manuscript Number : IJSRST1848252

Evaluation of Mitigation Strategies for Climate Change Adaptation in Mandera County, Kenya

Authors(2) :-Adan Abass Tawane, Dr. Edward M. Mugalavai

The high vulnerability of Sub Saharan Africa region to the impact of climate change results from over dependence on natural resources, poor infrastructure, pervasive poverty and the weak institutional capacity to respond and mitigate environmental disasters effectively. In Kenya, Mandera County is characterized by fragile and sensitive ecosystems with persistent droughts, floods, epidemics, livestock diseases and conflicts. The objective of this study was to evaluate strategic options for climate change adaptation and mitigation in Mandera County, Kenya. Sampling strategies included cluster random sampling, multistage sampling and simple random sampling. The study sample size was 384 household heads and the use of questionnaires, interview schedules, key informant questionnaires, focus group discussion and observation schedule were employed in data collection. Data analysis involved the use of Statistical Package for Social Scientists (SPSS) and Ms Excel. The results revealed that of the 384 household heads 13.3 % (51) embraced climate smart agriculture, 11.2 % (43) diversification of livelihood, 9.1 % (35) use of green clean energy resources, 8.3% (32) commercialization of livestock and livestock product while 3.4% (13) supported livestock banking respectively. The main internal (community based) measures included drilling of boreholes and wells 9.6% (37), planned grazing 8.1% (31), promotion of good governance, transparency and responsible leadership at the county level 7.8% (30) and construction of large scale dams 7.6% (29) respectively. External measures included provision of early warning system 12.5% (48), construction of viable high capacity dams 12% (46) and provision of subsidized animal feed by the County government 11.5% (44) respectively. Chi-square tests conducted on climate change adaptation mechanisms and key mitigation strategies against climate change showed that there was high significant (P<0.01) variation amongst the respondents. Coping strategies included; migration to areas with water and pasture 33.33% (128), praying for rainfall through special prayers i.e. robdoon and hersi 12.5% (48) and herd splitting (hoga rac) 10.2% (39) respectively. Indigenous knowledge mechanisms included observation of livestock behaviour 19.5% (75), observation of migration pattern of birds 16.4% (63) and signs of trees shading leaves 13.3% (51).

Authors and Affiliations

Adan Abass Tawane
Department of Disaster Management and Sustainable Development, School of Disaster Management and Humanitarian Assistance (SDMHA)
Dr. Edward M. Mugalavai
Masinde Muliro University of Science and Technology (MMUST), Kakamega, Kenya

Community Livelihoods, Pastoralist, Early Warning Systems, Climate Smart Agriculture

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Publication Details

Published in : Volume 4 | Issue 9 | July-August 2018
Date of Publication : 2018-06-30
License:  This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Page(s) : 163-184
Manuscript Number : IJSRST1848252
Publisher : Technoscience Academy

Print ISSN : 2395-6011, Online ISSN : 2395-602X

Cite This Article :

Adan Abass Tawane, Dr. Edward M. Mugalavai, " Evaluation of Mitigation Strategies for Climate Change Adaptation in Mandera County, Kenya", International Journal of Scientific Research in Science and Technology(IJSRST), Print ISSN : 2395-6011, Online ISSN : 2395-602X, Volume 4, Issue 9, pp.163-184, July-August-2018.
Journal URL : https://ijsrst.com/IJSRST1848252
Citation Detection and Elimination     |      | |
  • Barnett (2000). Destabilizing the environment-conflict thesis’ in Review of International Studies, 26: 271-288
  • Barnett (2007) .Destabilizing the environment-conflict thesis’ in Review of International Studies, 26: 271-288
  • Barnett, J., &Adger, N. (2007).Climate change, human security and violent conflict.Journal of Political Geography, 26(6), 639e655.
  • Brown, O. and Crawford, A. (2008). ‘Climate change: a new threat to stability in West Africa? Evidence for Ghana and Burkina Faso’, African Security Review, Vol. 17 No. 3, September 2008; 39–57.
  • Carius, A. (2007) ‘Environmental Peacebuilding: Conditions for Success’ in Environmental Change and Security Program Report 2006-2007, Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars; Washington DC
  • Cohen, R. (1995). Students Resolving Conflict, Peer Mediation in Schools. Glenview, IL. Good Year Books.
  • Cronbach, L. J. (1951). Coefficient alpha and the internal structure of tests. Psychometrika, 16, 297-334 (28,307
  • Dazé, A., K. Ambrose and C. Ehrhart (2009).Climate Vulnerability and Capacity Analysis; Handbook. CARE International. http://www.careclimatechange.org. Accessed: 28/09/13
  • Dimitrov, D.K. (2010). The Paradox of Sustainable Definitions. APIRA Conference. http://apira2010.econ.usyd.edu.au/conference_proceedings/APIRA-2010-073-Dimitrov-The-paradox-of-sustainability-definitions.pdf.
  • Fisher, A., Lang, J. and Stockel, J. (2007). Handbook for family planning operation research design, pp 32 -34. New York: The Population Council.
  • Fowke, R., & Prasad, D. K. (1996). Sustainable development, cities and local government: Dilemmas and definitions. Australian Planner, 33(2), 61-66.
  • Fussel, H.M. and R.J.T. Klein (2006) “Climate Change Vulnerability Assessments: A Evolution of Conceptual Thinking.” Climatic Change, 75:301-329.
  • Gibbons, S. (2014). Draft discussion brief: Towards peace and security in dryland Kenya: the demand for a new approach. Pastoralist Parliamentary Group and Drylands Learning and Capacity Building Initiative for Improved Policy and Practice in the Horn of Africa.
  • Gitonga, H. (2016). “The role of traditional leaders in conflict management in Africa: a case study of the Somalia national reconciliation Conference (snrc) 2000-2010”. MA Thesis, University of Nairobi
  • GoK (2010). Kenya: Millennium Development Goals Report, Government of Kenya, Nairobi.
  • Government of Kenya (2013), Mandera County Integrated Development Plan 2013-2017, Mandera
  • Guyo, D. (2011). Kenya: The Politics of Deprivation and Separation – The Case of Northern Kenya
  • Gwimbi, P. (2007). The Effectiveness of Early Warning Systems for the Reduction of Flood Disasters. Sustainable Development in Africa , ix, 4. doi:1520-5509
  • Gwimbi, P. (2007). The Effectiveness of Early Warning Systems for the Reduction of Flood Disasters. Sustainable Development in Africa , ix, 4. doi:1520-5509
  • Hansen, J., et al. (2012). The New Climate Dice: Public Perception of Climate Change . New York, USA: Dr James E. Hansen, Columbia University. pp. 3–4
  • Heinrich, S. (2013). Towards a coherent and cost-effective policy response to climate change in Kenya: country report. Heinrich Böll Stiftung, East & Horn of Africa.
  • Houghton,.,Y. Ding, D. J. Griggs, M. Noguer, P.J. van der Linden, X. Dai, K.Maskell, and C.A. Johnson (2001). Climate Change 2001: The Scientific Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Third Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Human influences will continue to change atmospheric composition throughout the 21st century.Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.
  • Huq, Saleemul& Ian Burton (2003),‘Funding Adaptation to Climate Change: What,who and how to fund?’ Sustainable Development Opinion, IIED: London. Available at http://www.iied.org/CC/publications.html
  • IPCC (2001).Climate Change 2001: Synthesis Report. Contribution of Working Groups I, II, and III to the Third Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Watson, Robert T., ed. New York: Cambridge University Press, 397 pp.
  • IPCC (2007) Climate change 2007—impacts, adaptation and vulnerability. In: Parry M, Canziani O, Palutikof J, van der Linden P, Hanson C (eds) Contribution of working group II to the fourth assessment report of the intergovernmental panel on climate change. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
  • Kasali, G. (2011). Integrating Indigenous and scientific knowledge systems for climate change adaptation in Zambia. In Experiences of climate change adaptation in Africa (pp. 281-295). Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg.
  • Kisiangani, E. (2011). The future of pastoralism in a changing climate. Joto Afrika, Nairobi
  • Kok, M. T. J. and de Coninck, H.C. (2007).Widening the Scope of Policies to Address Climate Change: Directions for Mainstreaming. Environmental Science and Policy 10(7-8):587-99.
  • Kothari.C.R. (2007).Research Methodolog. New Dehi, India: New Age International Publishers.
  • Kumsa A, Jones JF (2010). Climate change and human security in Africa.Int. J. Sust. Dev. World Ecol. 17(6):453-461.
  • Kuuzegh, R. S. (2007). Ghana’s Experience at Integrating Climate Change Adaptation into National Planning.EPA. theredddesk.org/file/2105/download, Accessed: 21/02/2014
  • Lebel, L., Li, L., Krittasudthacheewa, C., Juntopas, M., Vijitpan, T., Uchiyama, T., & Krawanchid, D. (2012). Mainstreaming climate change adaptation into development planning. Bangkok: Adaptation Knowledge Platform and Stockholm Environment Institute, 8.
  • McMichael, A.J. (2003). Climate change and human health, RISKS AND RESPONSES.World Health Organization Geneva
  • Messer, E. (2010). “Climate Change and Violent Conflict: A critical literature review,” Oxfam America Research Backgrounder series (2010): oxfamamerica.org/publications/climate-change-and-violent-conflict.
  • Morike, F., Mcharo, M., & Netondo, G. (2011). Enhancing household food and income security through crop diversification in the Nzoia and Mumias sugarbelts in Kenya. Journal of Applied Biosciences 23: 1406 – 1415
  • Mugenda, O.M and A.G. Mugenda (1999).Research Methods – Quantitative and Qualitative Approaches.African Centre for Technology Studies (ACTS) Press. Nairobi, Kenya
  • Nelson, W. and S.N.D. Agbey (2005).Linkages Between Poverty and Climate Change: Adaptation for Livelihood of the Poor in Ghana; Technical Paper.http://www.nlcap. net/fileadmin/NCAP/Countries/Ghana/032135.0403xx.GHA.CON-01.Output8.v1.pdf Accessed: 21/10/2013
  • NEPADA (2015).Mandera South, Lafey and Mandera East Integrated Community Needs Assessment, Nairobi
  • Okoba, B. Silvia., Bryan, E., Ringler, C., & Herrero, M.,(2014). Climate change perception and adaption of agro-pastoral communities in Kenya. Regional Environmental Change, 12(4), 791–802.
  • Ombaka, D.M. (2015). Explaining Kenya’s insecurity: The weak state, corruption, banditry and terrorism. International Journal of Liberal Arts and Social Science, 3(3), 11-26.
  • Ome, E. M., &Casimir, A. (2015). The African State and Environmental Management: A Review of Climate and Human Security. Open Journal of Political Science, 5, 109-114. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/ojps.2015.52013
  • Omwoyo, N. N., Wakhungu, J., & Oteng’i, S. (2015). Effects of climate variability on maize yield in the arid and semi arid lands of lower eastern Kenya. Agriculture & Food Security, 4(1), 8.
  • Rahmstorf, M. Mann, R. Benestad, G. Schmidt, and W. Connolley. (2012) "Hurricanes and Global Warming - Is There a Connection?".RealClimate.P 46.
  • Robinson, J., and Herbert, D.(2001). "Integrating climate change and sustainable development", International Journal of Global Environmental Issues, Vol 1(2), pages: 130–148.
  • Schubert, H. J. Schellnhuber, N. Buchmann, A. Epiney, R. Grießhammer, M. Kulessa, D. Messner, S. Rahmstorf& J. Schmid (2008). Climate Change as a Security Risk, Earthscan; London
  • Stern, N. (2007). Economics of climate change: The Stern review. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Stern, N. (2007). Economics of climate change: The Stern review. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Thanos, D., Tamer, A, and Stephanos, X. (2008).Climate Change: Addressing the Impact on Human Security. Hellenic Foundation for European and Foreign Policy ISBN 978-960-8356-24-5
  • UNDP (2008), Human Development Report 2007/2008 ; Fighting climate change: Human solidarity in a divided world, Geneva, Switzerland. Can be accessed https://www.iisd .org /pdf/2008/climate_ forced _migration.pdf
  • UNISDR (2015).Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction2015 – 2030. Geneva Switzerland
  • Vellinga, M.& Wood, R. (2007).Impacts of thermohaline circulation shutdown in the twenty-first century. Climatic Change
  • Weinstein, J. (2004). Resources and the information problem in rebel recruitment. Paper presented at the conference on Curbing human rights violations by non-state armed groups. Centre of International Relations, Liu Institute for Global Issues, University of British Columbia, 14e15 November.
  • Williams C. C. & Millington A. C. (2004) The diverse and contested meanings of sustainable development. The Geographical Journal 170: 99-104.
    • " target="_blank"> BibTeX     |
  • Barnett (2000). Destabilizing the environment-conflict thesis’ in Review of International Studies, 26: 271-288
  • Barnett (2007) .Destabilizing the environment-conflict thesis’ in Review of International Studies, 26: 271-288
  • Barnett, J., &Adger, N. (2007).Climate change, human security and violent conflict.Journal of Political Geography, 26(6), 639e655.
  • Brown, O. and Crawford, A. (2008). ‘Climate change: a new threat to stability in West Africa? Evidence for Ghana and Burkina Faso’, African Security Review, Vol. 17 No. 3, September 2008; 39–57.
  • Carius, A. (2007) ‘Environmental Peacebuilding: Conditions for Success’ in Environmental Change and Security Program Report 2006-2007, Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars; Washington DC
  • Cohen, R. (1995). Students Resolving Conflict, Peer Mediation in Schools. Glenview, IL. Good Year Books.
  • Cronbach, L. J. (1951). Coefficient alpha and the internal structure of tests. Psychometrika, 16, 297-334 (28,307
  • Dazé, A., K. Ambrose and C. Ehrhart (2009).Climate Vulnerability and Capacity Analysis; Handbook. CARE International. http://www.careclimatechange.org. Accessed: 28/09/13
  • Dimitrov, D.K. (2010). The Paradox of Sustainable Definitions. APIRA Conference. http://apira2010.econ.usyd.edu.au/conference_proceedings/APIRA-2010-073-Dimitrov-The-paradox-of-sustainability-definitions.pdf.
  • Fisher, A., Lang, J. and Stockel, J. (2007). Handbook for family planning operation research design, pp 32 -34. New York: The Population Council.
  • Fowke, R., & Prasad, D. K. (1996). Sustainable development, cities and local government: Dilemmas and definitions. Australian Planner, 33(2), 61-66.
  • Fussel, H.M. and R.J.T. Klein (2006) “Climate Change Vulnerability Assessments: A Evolution of Conceptual Thinking.” Climatic Change, 75:301-329.
  • Gibbons, S. (2014). Draft discussion brief: Towards peace and security in dryland Kenya: the demand for a new approach. Pastoralist Parliamentary Group and Drylands Learning and Capacity Building Initiative for Improved Policy and Practice in the Horn of Africa.
  • Gitonga, H. (2016). “The role of traditional leaders in conflict management in Africa: a case study of the Somalia national reconciliation Conference (snrc) 2000-2010”. MA Thesis, University of Nairobi
  • GoK (2010). Kenya: Millennium Development Goals Report, Government of Kenya, Nairobi.
  • Government of Kenya (2013), Mandera County Integrated Development Plan 2013-2017, Mandera
  • Guyo, D. (2011). Kenya: The Politics of Deprivation and Separation – The Case of Northern Kenya
  • Gwimbi, P. (2007). The Effectiveness of Early Warning Systems for the Reduction of Flood Disasters. Sustainable Development in Africa , ix, 4. doi:1520-5509
  • Gwimbi, P. (2007). The Effectiveness of Early Warning Systems for the Reduction of Flood Disasters. Sustainable Development in Africa , ix, 4. doi:1520-5509
  • Hansen, J., et al. (2012). The New Climate Dice: Public Perception of Climate Change . New York, USA: Dr James E. Hansen, Columbia University. pp. 3–4
  • Heinrich, S. (2013). Towards a coherent and cost-effective policy response to climate change in Kenya: country report. Heinrich Böll Stiftung, East & Horn of Africa.
  • Houghton,.,Y. Ding, D. J. Griggs, M. Noguer, P.J. van der Linden, X. Dai, K.Maskell, and C.A. Johnson (2001). Climate Change 2001: The Scientific Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Third Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Human influences will continue to change atmospheric composition throughout the 21st century.Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.
  • Huq, Saleemul& Ian Burton (2003),‘Funding Adaptation to Climate Change: What,who and how to fund?’ Sustainable Development Opinion, IIED: London. Available at http://www.iied.org/CC/publications.html
  • IPCC (2001).Climate Change 2001: Synthesis Report. Contribution of Working Groups I, II, and III to the Third Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Watson, Robert T., ed. New York: Cambridge University Press, 397 pp.
  • IPCC (2007) Climate change 2007—impacts, adaptation and vulnerability. In: Parry M, Canziani O, Palutikof J, van der Linden P, Hanson C (eds) Contribution of working group II to the fourth assessment report of the intergovernmental panel on climate change. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
  • Kasali, G. (2011). Integrating Indigenous and scientific knowledge systems for climate change adaptation in Zambia. In Experiences of climate change adaptation in Africa (pp. 281-295). Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg.
  • Kisiangani, E. (2011). The future of pastoralism in a changing climate. Joto Afrika, Nairobi
  • Kok, M. T. J. and de Coninck, H.C. (2007).Widening the Scope of Policies to Address Climate Change: Directions for Mainstreaming. Environmental Science and Policy 10(7-8):587-99.
  • Kothari.C.R. (2007).Research Methodolog. New Dehi, India: New Age International Publishers.
  • Kumsa A, Jones JF (2010). Climate change and human security in Africa.Int. J. Sust. Dev. World Ecol. 17(6):453-461.
  • Kuuzegh, R. S. (2007). Ghana’s Experience at Integrating Climate Change Adaptation into National Planning.EPA. theredddesk.org/file/2105/download, Accessed: 21/02/2014
  • Lebel, L., Li, L., Krittasudthacheewa, C., Juntopas, M., Vijitpan, T., Uchiyama, T., & Krawanchid, D. (2012). Mainstreaming climate change adaptation into development planning. Bangkok: Adaptation Knowledge Platform and Stockholm Environment Institute, 8.
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  • Okoba, B. Silvia., Bryan, E., Ringler, C., & Herrero, M.,(2014). Climate change perception and adaption of agro-pastoral communities in Kenya. Regional Environmental Change, 12(4), 791–802.
  • Ombaka, D.M. (2015). Explaining Kenya’s insecurity: The weak state, corruption, banditry and terrorism. International Journal of Liberal Arts and Social Science, 3(3), 11-26.
  • Ome, E. M., &Casimir, A. (2015). The African State and Environmental Management: A Review of Climate and Human Security. Open Journal of Political Science, 5, 109-114. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/ojps.2015.52013
  • Omwoyo, N. N., Wakhungu, J., & Oteng’i, S. (2015). Effects of climate variability on maize yield in the arid and semi arid lands of lower eastern Kenya. Agriculture & Food Security, 4(1), 8.
  • Rahmstorf, M. Mann, R. Benestad, G. Schmidt, and W. Connolley. (2012) "Hurricanes and Global Warming - Is There a Connection?".RealClimate.P 46.
  • Robinson, J., and Herbert, D.(2001). "Integrating climate change and sustainable development", International Journal of Global Environmental Issues, Vol 1(2), pages: 130–148.
  • Schubert, H. J. Schellnhuber, N. Buchmann, A. Epiney, R. Grießhammer, M. Kulessa, D. Messner, S. Rahmstorf& J. Schmid (2008). Climate Change as a Security Risk, Earthscan; London
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  • Stern, N. (2007). Economics of climate change: The Stern review. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Thanos, D., Tamer, A, and Stephanos, X. (2008).Climate Change: Addressing the Impact on Human Security. Hellenic Foundation for European and Foreign Policy ISBN 978-960-8356-24-5
  • UNDP (2008), Human Development Report 2007/2008 ; Fighting climate change: Human solidarity in a divided world, Geneva, Switzerland. Can be accessed https://www.iisd .org /pdf/2008/climate_ forced _migration.pdf
  • UNISDR (2015).Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction2015 – 2030. Geneva Switzerland
  • Vellinga, M.& Wood, R. (2007).Impacts of thermohaline circulation shutdown in the twenty-first century. Climatic Change
  • Weinstein, J. (2004). Resources and the information problem in rebel recruitment. Paper presented at the conference on Curbing human rights violations by non-state armed groups. Centre of International Relations, Liu Institute for Global Issues, University of British Columbia, 14e15 November.
  • Williams C. C. & Millington A. C. (2004) The diverse and contested meanings of sustainable development. The Geographical Journal 170: 99-104.
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